Fiber Optics Microwave Transmission

Posted on April 16, 2014 by admin

ptical fiber is the medium of choice for high capacity digital transmission systems and high speed local area network. Besides these applications, optical fiber also can be used to transmit microwave signals for cable television, cellular radio, WLAN and microwave antenna remoting. To transmit microwave over optical fiber, the microwave signal is converted into optical form at the input of the fiber and at the output of the fiber, it is converted back to electrical signal. The main advantage of fiber transmission of microwave is reduced losses relative to metallic media (e.g. copper coaxial cable). This results in longer transmission distance without signal amplification or use of repeaters.

There are two approaches to optical signal modulation and recovery. The first type is IMDD (Intensity Modulation Direct Detection) and the second type is Coherent Detection. In IMDD, the optical source intensity is modulated by the microwave signal and the resulting intensity modulated signal passes through the optical fiber to a photodiode where the modulation microwave signal is converted back to electrical domain. In Coherent Detection, the optical source is modulated in intensity, frequency or phase by the microwave signal. The modulated signal passes through the optical fiber to the receiver where it is mixed with the output of a local oscillator (LO) laser. The combined signal is converted to electrical domain using a photodiode. This produces an electrical signal centered on the difference frequency between the optical source and the LO laser (i.e. intermediate frequency). This signal is further processed to recover the analog microwave signal.

RFoG (Radio Frequency over Glass) is the cable operators’ implementation of microwave transmission over optical fiber in which the coax portion of the HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) is replaced by a single fiber, passive optical network architecture (PON). RFoG allows cable operators to deploy fiber connectivity to customer premises (FTTP) while keeping its existing HFC and DOCSIS infrastructure. Like the HFC architecture, video controllers and data networking services are fed through a CMTS/edge router.

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Understanding Optical Fiber Types – Fiber Optic Tutorial Series Three

Posted on April 15, 2014 by admin

Understanding Optical Fiber Types – Fiber Optic Tutorial Series Three

Optical fibers are designed for many different application scenarios. To understand the different applications, it is important to understand the properties of different fiber types.

Two major types of optical fibers exist for communication system: multimode fiber and single mode fiber. The difference between them is that multimode fiber can carry many modes of light rays while single mode fiber can only carry one mode of light ray. This is a big difference. This fact determines that multimode fiber can only be used in short distance link, usually within a few hundred meters, while single mode fiber is used on much longer, usually 40~120km, distance. Based on this fact, it is now easier to understand that multimode fiber is used in LAN network and video surveillance while single mode fiber is used in long distance telephony applications.

Another consequence of this difference is the information carrying capability difference between these two types of fibers. Single mode fiber can carry hundreds times of more information than multimode fiber.

Now let’s examine the fiber types in detail.

Multimode fiber

Light ray travels in the fiber core at discrete angles within its acceptance cone. Multimode fiber has 50um or 62.5um diameter core, which is much larger than a 9um diameter single mode fiber core. Thus a large number of modes (light rays injected into the fiber at different angles) can be coupled into multimode fiber.

Now let’s look at two light rays that travel along a multimode fiber. One light ray travels straight down the fiber core center which is the shortest path. A second light ray travels at a steep angle and bounces back and forth by the fiber core side wall (a phenomenon called total internal reflection) while traveling down the fiber length which is a longer path than the first light ray.

Since the second light ray travels a longer path than the first light ray, they arrive at the fiber end at separate time (the second light arrives later than the first). This disparity between arrival times of the different light rays is called dispersion. The consequence of this disparity is a muddied signal at the receiving end. In order to properly receive the signal, the signal must run at a slower rate and that is why multimode fiber’s bandwidth is limited.

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The latest and greatest technology of vibration isolators

Posted on April 9, 2014 by admin

A peek underneath all the latest and greatest technology on the market will reveal a lot of interesting things, some of them expected, some of them not so expected. Falling into the unexpected category are vibration isolators. These small components that at first glance appear powerless actually pack a lot of punch into their small size. That is because they prevent damage to today’s high-tech products by controlling noise, vibration and shock from equipment and machinery.

To understand just how vital a part vibration isolators play in today’s technological advances one need only scour the articles that go along with the high-tech industry’s latest headlines. In the past month alone, an examination of no less than three such articles revealed references to them. And these mentions weren’t just passing asides either. In all cases, the vibration isolators proved instrumental in putting the technologies being discussed in the spotlight.

The first up among these recent news reports involved a high speed multi-axis optical micrometer. As Automation World pointed out, this device not only “sets a new standard for high speed and high precision diameter inspection” but also “eliminates errors that were previously endemic to optical micrometers.” And yep, you guessed it, there are vibration isolators behind all those capabilities. The publication went on to praise the micrometer for possessing no moving parts, which dramatically increases its durability. Delving deeper into the specifics, Automation World stresses, “Incorporating a custom designed vibration isolation system within the head, the [micrometer] is able to resist damage from vibration and impact.”

Up next was a review of the 2014 Honda Acura MDX, whose advanced engineering has driven the SUV to the top of its vehicle class. Pointing to the sport utility vehicle’s ability to give consumers the fuel efficiency and affordability they crave without sacrificing “panache and human comfort accouterments,” the Honda Acura was recognized by Kiplinger’s Report and U.S. News and World report as both “2014 Best Value in a full-size luxury SUV” and “Best car for the money.”

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There are several key benefits to this upgrade.

Posted on April 4, 2014 by admin

What Are the Benefits of Fiber Optic Signal Routing?

Fiber optic cables have been a big part of the information age. When it comes to high-speed Internet and high-definition TV in homes, all of the latest advances in Internet speed and HD video start with the fiber optic cables laid by communications companies over the last couple decades. The reason these large corporations invested in this technology is because of how reliable, secure and quick it is. And considering how many users are involved, having a stable and efficient information infrastructure is obviously important.

So if the communication companies are operating on what can be called a “macro” level, linking together customers across great distances, could this cabling be important and useful on a more “micro” level? For hospitals, academic institutions, or businesses, KVM and signal routing throughout their operation is also vital. For some such venues – the aforementioned medical campus or perhaps a government or defense outfit – maintaining an ultra-secure means of communication and signal routing is key. It’s so crucial that typical signal routing solutions, such as Cat5e/6 cables, just won’t cut it. The information being moved is too sensitive to be compromised. And that’s where fiber optic cables come in.

There are several key benefits to this upgrade. First and foremost, fiber optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference, allowing them to provide secure transmission and routing. Second, fiber optic cables eliminate the need for bulky cabling and additional equipment to boost video signal, both of which are helpful for routing through small areas. Third, these cable extensions extensions offer long-distance routing solutions.

That level of security is important for national security in defense applications. In medical and academic venues, that’s important for privacy and confidentiality. Businesses are looking for similar protections, whether that’s to ward off hackers, corporate espionage, or other breaches of security. And with long distance needs, these cinnections allow large government, medical, academic and corporate campuses to install a stellar communications system that handles all of their criteria..
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Know about the principle of optical isolator

Posted on April 2, 2014 by admin

Know about the principle of optical isolator

Semiconductor lasers, optical amplifiers and optical fiber lasers from the connector, fusion point, filter the reflection light is very sensitive, and may cause performance deterioration and even damaged, requiring a optical isolator to prevent the reflection of light. The optical isolator is permitted only light along one direction through and in the opposite direction blocks light through the optical passive devices. In the optical fiber communication, optical fiber reflection light through the optical isolator can be a good isolation. In the fiber laser applications, optical isolators are usually used in the optical path to avoid the light path of the light source, the echo on the pumping source and other light emitting device causes interference and damage. Isolators’s isolation represents the optical isolator to echo the isolation (blocking) ability.

Optical isolator using magnetic optical crystal Faraday effect ( also known as the Faraday effect ). In 1845, Faraday first observed with optical material under the action of magnetic field to make the material in the direction of polarization rotation, therefore often called the Faraday effect. In Faraday effect, the rotation of the polarization direction direction and magnetic field, and the orientation of the light transmitting is independent of the forward and reverse, and we usually in the index of refraction, reflection phenomena seen in the reversibility of optical path difference. Along the magnetic field direction of transmission line polarized, the polarization direction rotating angle and magnetic field strength of B and L is proportional to the product of the length of the material, the proportion coefficient is what we often say that the Wilde constant. Optical isolator based on polarization characteristics can be divided into polarization-independent and polarization dependent type. These two kinds of isolators are used with the Faraday effect in magneto-optic crystal, Faraday magnetic medium in 1~2m wavelength range usually adopts the optical loss low yttrium iron garnet ( YIG ) single crystals. Model of input and output of the fiber optical isolator has fairly good performance, the minimum insertion loss of approximately 0.5 dB, the isolation of up to 35-60 dB, a maximum of 70 dB. The optical isolator using most still is polarization independent type, its principle is shown in Figure 1, using the forward and reverse transmission optical path is inconsistent, it is this time signal transmission is not reversible, thereby forming isolation. The typical structure of only four major components: the magnetic ring, a Faraday rotator, two pieces of LiNbO3 wedge angle piece, with a pair of fiber collimator, can be made into an in-line optical isolators.
Positive transmission: the parallel light beam from the collimator, into the first wedge angle piece P1, beam is divided into o light and e light, the polarization direction perpendicular to the propagation direction, forming an included angle. When they pass through 45o Faraday rotator, emitted by the o light and e light polarizing surfaces of respective to the same direction of rotation 45o, because the second wedge-shaped plate P2 crystal axis relative to the first wedge angle piece is just in a 45o angle, so o light and e light is refracted into a small space, synthesis. Parallel light, and then by another collimator is coupled to the optical fiber core. In this case, the input optical power only a very small fraction of outage, this loss is called isolator insertion loss.

Reverse transmission: when a beam of parallel light reverse transmission, first with a P2 crystal, divided into the polarization direction and P1 crystal axis respectively in 45o angle o light and E light. Due to the Faraday effect non reciprocity, O Light and e light through the Faraday rotator, the polarization direction to the same direction of rotation 45 °, so the original o light and e light in the second wedge-shaped plate ( P1 ) later became e and O light. Because the refractive index differences, the two light beam in the P1 no longer possible synthesis of a parallel beam of light, but in different directions to the refraction of light, e and o are further separated from a larger perspective, even after a GRIN lens coupling, can not enter the fiber core to, from and achieved reverse isolation purposes. The transmission loss is bigger, this loss is called isolators isolation..
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Optical circulator sales set for healthy growth

Posted on March 31, 2014 by admin

Optical circulator sales set for healthy growth
07 Aug 2013
Global sales of fiber optic circulators to reach $230 million in 2013, $313m in 2017, says analyst.
 

Increasing circulation: fiber optic circulator
Increasing circulation: fiber optic circulator

The global sales value of fiber optic circulators in optical communications will grow at an average annual rate of 8.4 percent, from this year’s value of almost $230m reaching $313m by 2017. 

These are the conclusions reached in a new market report fromElectroniCast Consultants. The consumption value is forecast to increase with rising quantity growth partially offset by declining average prices.

The fiber optic circulator market is divided into various different port-count configurations: 3-ports, 4-port, and above 4-ports. According to ElectroniCast, 3-port circulators are expected to hold an estimated 80% market share in 2013. More than 70% of the current 3-port circulator market value is used in telecommunication applications.

Telecoms focus

The report states, “Telecommunications is set to maintain its dominant market share lead throughout the forecast period. Specialty applications such as R&D laboratory, sensors, test equipment, oil/gas, and other applications will hold second-place.”

 

On the up: fiber optic circulator market shares.
On the up: fiber optic circulator market shares.

ElectroniCast also notes that fiber optic circulators used in military and specialty applications “are typically priced at a relatively huge premium versus the other applications, which is largely attributed to packaging upgrades, such as to cope with harsh environments.” 

Growth in demand for such devices will primarily be driven by increasing deployment of optical fiber in the metro/access network space, the continuing demand for upgrading networks to accommodate rapidly increasing bandwidth requirements, plus the need for additional monitoring and testing of the optical fiber networks will drive the steady consumption of fiber optic circulators.

As terrestrial national backbone and undersea systems approach Tb/s capacities, advanced fiber-optic components, such as fiber optic circulators, are key in enabling DWDM systems with narrow channel spacing to achieve the large numbers of channels required.

Increasing demand

 

Lion's share: 3-port circulators.
Lion’s share: 3-port circulators.

 

 

1625nm 1650nm high performance OTDR Optical Circulators

Fiber optic circulators are used with erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, fiber optic sensor applications, dense WDM (DWDM), optical add/drop multiplexing (OADM), optical time domain reflectometers (OTDR fiber optic test equipment), bi-directional transmission systems, dispersion compensators, and other devices. OF-Link Communications Co., Ltd offers 3 port 1625nm 1650nm OTDR (optical time domain reflectometers) optical circulators, these 1625nm 1650nm fiber optic circulators are designed specially for use in OTDR with very low insertion loss (max.IL is 0.8dB) and high isolation (min. Iso is 38dB), they could be built by Corning SMF-28e or G657A2 Fiber, the circulator has been past the test by some famous OTDR manufacturers.

 

1300nm 1310nm OCT Broadband optical Circulators

One application of fiber optic circulator is in OCT (optical coherence tomography) which need wideband operating wavelength range. OF-Link Communications Co., Ltd developed 3 port 1310nm broadband optical circulator right for OCT, it features broadband from 1280-1400nm, polarization insensitive, Optical Path Epoxy-free, and high reliability & stability, performs quite well in client’s OCT systems. More OCT broadband Optical Circulator details please refer to http://www.of-link.com/3-port-1310nm-Broadband-OCT-Optical-Circulator_p267.html

1310nm 1480nm 1550nm Multimode Optical Circulators

The 3 port 1310nm or 1550nm Multi-mode Optical Fiber Circulator is a fiber optic component built with 50/125um or 62.5/125um multi-mode fiber.  It allows light to be transmitted in only one direction while blocking the opposite transmttion, it’s light path is port 1 to port 2, and port 2 to port 3. The multimode optical circulators are widely used in optical fiber networks and fiber instruments. You can get more details from http://www.of-link.com/Multi-mode-Optical-Circulators_c64

Polarization Maintaining (PM) Optical Circulators

OF-Link’s polarization maintaining (PM) optical circulator is a fiber optic componet built with PM panda fiber.  It allows light to be transmitted in only one direction while blocking the opposite transmttion, it’s light path is port 1 to port 2, and port 2 to port 3. The PM fiber circulator is widely used in optical fiber networks and amplifiers where polarization maintaining characteristics are needed. High Power handling is available upon request. 980nm, 1030nm, 1040nm, 1053nm, 1064nm, 1080nm, 1310nm, 1480nm, 1550nm, 1625nm, 1650nm polarization maintaining (PM) optical circulators are available. OF-Link also offers broadband polarization maintaining (PM) optical circulators.

High Power Optical Circulators

Nearly most kinds of optical circulators manufactured by OF-Link could be specially built to withstand high power handling to continuous wave 10 Watt, like 1-10W 1310nm high power optical ciruclators, 1-10W 1550nm high power optical ciruclators, 1-10W 1064nm high power optical ciruclators, 1-10W 1650nm high power optical ciruclators, 1-10W 1550nm high power polarization maintaining optical ciruclators, 1-10W 1064nm high power polarization maintaining optical ciruclators and so on.

Non-telecoms and specialty applications of fiber optic circulators used include: inter- and intra-enclosure interconnects; and fiber optic sensors, such as for manufacturing, engineering, military and aerospace, test and measurement, biomed and automotive. They also find applications in sensing and measuring parameters such as mechanical strain, temperature and pressure and detection of chemicals.
About the Author
Matthew Peach is a contributing editor to optics.org
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Skills To The Fiber Optic Coupler

Posted on March 28, 2014 by admin

Fiber Optics Splicing is now a much more plus much more common skill dependence on cabling technicians. Fiber-optic cables may need to be spliced together for several reasons-for example, to produce a link of the particular length, or to repair a busted cable or connection. A web link of 10 km can be installed by splicing several fiber-optic cables together. The installer will then fulfill the distance requirement and get away from buying a new fiber-optic cable. Splices could possibly be required at building entrances, wiring closets, couplers, and literally any intermediate point from a transmitter and receiver. If we used the fiber optic splicer to fiber optic cable splicing, our greatest dilemma is the preservation of the company’s signal.

An exclusive touch is necessary to splice fiber optic cable since the glass fibers are encased with fiber insulation sealed in the plastic coating. Unlike copper, the fibers are delicate and is easily broken by using excessive pressure to chop the casing while splicing cables to fiber connectors.

The splicing process begins by preparing each fiber end for fusion. Fusion splicing necessitates that all protective coatings be removed from the ends of each and every fiber. The fiber will then be cleaved using the score-and-break method. Each fiber face to achieve an excellent optical finish by cleaving and polishing the fiber end. Prior to the connection is made, get rid of each fiber have to have an effortless finish that’s clear of defects including hackles, lips, and fractures. These defects, along with other impurities and dirt customize the geometrical propagation patterns of light and cause scattering. The quality of each fiber end is inspected using a microscope. In fusion splicing, splice loss is a direct purpose of the angles and excellence of the two fiber-end faces.

The fusion splicing is just one of a splice cables method. The fundamental fusion-splicing apparatus includes two fixtures which the fibers are mounted with two electrodes. An inspection microscope aids in the position with the prepared fiber ends in a fusion-splicing apparatus. The fibers are placed in the apparatus, aligned, and then fused together. Initially, fiber optic fusion splicer used nichrome wire as the atomizer to melt or fuse fibers together. The heater is undoubtedly an electric arc that softens two butted fiber ends and permits the fibers to become fused together.

In Mechanical Splicing, mechanical splices are only alignment devices, built to hold the two fiber ends in a precisely aligned position thus enabling light to pass through from fiber in the other. Mechanical splicing is done in an optical junction the location where the fibers are precisely aligned and located in place by the self-contained assembly, not only a permanent bond. This technique aligns both fiber ends to some common centerline, aligning their cores and so the light can pass from one fiber to an alternative. This is accomplished using a portable workstation that is utilized to get ready each fiber end. That preparation includes stripping a skinny layer of plastic coating from your fiber core before its splicing.

Connecting two fiber-optic cables requires precise alignment from the mated fiber cores or spots within a single-mode fiber-optic cable. This can be required in order that the majority of the light is coupled in one fiber-optic cable across a junction to another fiber-optic cable. Actual contact relating to the fiber-optic cables is not even mandatory.

Splices could also be used as optical attenuators if you have a need to attenuate a high-powered signal. Splice losses all the way to 10.0 dB can be programmed and inserted in to the cable if desired. By doing this, the splice can become an in-line attenuator with all the characteristic non reflectance of the fusion splice. Typical fusion-splice losses can be estimated at 0.02 dB for loss-budget calculation purposes. Mechanical splices are typically implemented in the field, require little if any tooling, and give losses of around 0.5 to 0.75 dB.

FiberStore provides a comprehensive range of hand tools, network tool kits and consumables for the installation and maintenance of LAN, fibre optic and copper networks. Whether you require a punchdown tool, RJ45 / Cat 5 Crimping tool, fiber splicer or automatic wire stripper or a complete network tool kit, FiberStore has the right tools for your needs. We provide fully automatic fibre optic fusion splicers from Fujikura for multimode and singlemode optical fibre cables, ensuring the best fibre termination possible whether an expert or a novice..
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Know About Advanced Technology Of Optical Isolator

Posted on March 25, 2014 by admin

A peek underneath all the latest and greatest technology on the market will reveal a lot of interesting things, some of them expected, some of them not so expected. Falling into the unexpected category are vibration isolators. These small components that at first glance appear powerless actually pack a lot of punch into their small size. That is because they prevent damage to today’s high-tech products by controlling noise, vibration and shock from equipment and machinery.

To understand just how vital a part vibration isolators play in today’s technological advances one need only scour the articles that go along with the high-tech industry’s latest headlines. In the past month alone, an examination of no less than three such articles revealed references to them. And these mentions weren’t just passing asides either. In all cases, the vibration isolators proved instrumental in putting the technologies being discussed in the spotlight.

The first up among these recent news reports involved a high speed multi-axis optical micrometer. As Automation World pointed out, this device not only “sets a new standard for high speed and high precision diameter inspection” but also “eliminates errors that were previously endemic to optical micrometers.” And yep, you guessed it, there are vibration isolators behind all those capabilities. The publication went on to praise the micrometer for possessing no moving parts, which dramatically increases its durability. Delving deeper into the specifics, Automation World stresses, “Incorporating a custom designed vibration isolation system within the head, the [micrometer] is able to resist damage from vibration and impact.”

Up next was a review of the 2014 Honda Acura MDX, whose advanced engineering has driven the SUV to the top of its vehicle class. Pointing to the sport utility vehicle’s ability to give consumers the fuel efficiency and affordability they crave without sacrificing “panache and human comfort accouterments,” the Honda Acura was recognized by Kiplinger’s Report and U.S. News and World report as both “2014 Best Value in a full-size luxury SUV” and “Best car for the money.”

So how do vibration isolators play into all of this, you ask. The reviewers closed their praise of the SUV with this praise: “We especially appreciate superior body roll stability and road vibration isolation via electronic sway control, fluid filled body mounts and exceptional sound deadening materials installed beneath seamless carpeting and in the rear wheel wells.”

Third but not least among the news nods came from TVTechnology.com. The tech website specifically looked at portable storage, marveling over its uncanny ability to increase in power and capability despite shrinking in size. One of the storage devices it lauded is the Sonnet Fusion F3 for “managing high-speed storage when in the field.” This portable storage device facilitates high-speed storage when on location and has a case that “is designed to withstand rough handling. Moreover, “each of the F3 drives is mounted on its own multi-axis shock vibration isolation sled to try and eliminate vibration problems.”
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Sales of optical splitters, fiber sensors set for significant growth

Posted on March 24, 2014 by admin
22 Mar 2014
FTTH deployment dominates the PLC splitter market, while military and aerospace still taking lion’s share of sensors.

Sales of planar lightwave circuit splitters reached $529.6m in 2013, according to market analysis by ElectroniCast Consultants, released February 20. These devices will play important role in the continuing growth of fiber-to-the-home networks as they enable a single passive optical network interface to be shared among many subscribers.

At the same time, the company also published its analysis of the global consumption of fiber optic point sensors and continuous distributed fiber optic sensors. Sales of these devices will grow 18% per year from $1.89bn in 2013 to hit $4.33bn in 2018 (see below).

First considering splitters, Stephen Montgomery, Director of Fiber Optics Components at ElectroniCast, said, “The PON-based FTTH network application is dominating the worldwide planar lightwave circuit (PLC) splitter consumption value in 2014. While the Americas region is forecast for flat annual growth of about 1% over the 2013-2018 period; EMEA is set for 7% growth per year; and Asia-Pacific should increase at 15% per year, for component-level PLC splitters.”

Also known as planar waveguide circuits, PLC splitters incorporate numerous active and passive functional uses for packaged modules. ElectroniCast’s 493-page, $5,100 report says the longer-term trend is for a larger share of discrete circuit, single-function PWCs/PLCs to be displaced by equivalent performance hybrid, multi-function planar devices. The combination of the packaging and integrated optics aspects of PWC technology provides for an attractive and powerful technology for devices/modules, which will hold multiple functions thereby, reducing size, weight, and cost.

Montgomery added, “As the demand for larger quantities of optical communication components evolve, technologies, which are friendly to automation assembly processes, will have a competitive manufacturing and cost advantages. Use of silicon wafers, for example, draws extensively on the mass-production techniques of the commercial integrated circuit production processes.”

OF-Link Communications Co., Ltd offers PLC splitters with 1X4, 1X8, 1X16, 1X32, and 1X64 configurations, the PLC splitters could be buit with G657A flexible fiber, and could be packaged with mini module (blockless), or ABS module, fan-out PLC splitters are also available. you can find the needed PLC splitters at http://www.of-link.com/PLC-Splitters_c50. OF-Link also offers fiber optic fused couplers which are widely used in fiber communciations like FTTX and FTTH. specially, Single mode, multimode and polarization maintaining visible wavelength couplers/splitters are featured product of OF-Link which have operating wavelengths at 488nm, 532nm, 632nm, 639nm, 760nm, or 780nm.

Market forecast for point and distributed continuous optical sensors ($m).
Market forecast for point and distributed continuous optical sensors ($m).

Fiber-optic sensorsThe use of distributed continuous fiber (DCF) sensors in the military, aerospace and security application category will maintains its sector lead in 2014, followed by the petrochemical and energy sector. The civil engineering and construction sector is also forecast for strong growth. Inspection and quality control frequently constitute the largest portion of production costs for many industries.

Of the fiber optics sensor market potential, Montgomery commented, “There is a growing need for improved measurement solutions, which offer higher precision, speed and accuracy and provide better in-process measurement of moving objects, resulting in lower costs for better products. Relatively speaking, the manufacturing segment still favors point sensors over distributed fiber systems.

“The biomed and science sector is a relatively minor user of DCF sensors, since the length of optical fiber is short versus the other applications; so average selling prices for these sensor systems are low compared to the larger (longer length of optical fiber) DCF sensors for other applications. The consumption value of these sensors should grow at 23% per year from $1.1bn in 2013 to $3.1bn in 2018.”

OF-Link Communications Co., Ltd has many years experiences in Fiber Bragg Grating which could make fiber sensors, nowadays, OF-Link developed many kinds of FBG based fiber sensor.
About the Author
Matthew Peach is a contributing editor to optics.org.
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Multimode fiber and single mode fiber

Posted on March 14, 2014 by admin

Multimode fiber

Light ray travels in the fiber core at discrete angles within its acceptance cone. Multimode fiber has 50um or 62.5um diameter core, which is much larger than a 9um diameter single mode fiber core. Thus a large number of modes (light rays injected into the fiber at different angles) can be coupled into multimode fiber.

Now let’s look at two light rays that travel along a multimode fiber. One light ray travels straight down the fiber core center which is the shortest path. A second light ray travels at a steep angle and bounces back and forth by the fiber core side wall (a phenomenon called total internal reflection) while traveling down the fiber length which is a longer path than the first light ray.

Since the second light ray travels a longer path than the first light ray, they arrive at the fiber end at separate time (the second light arrives later than the first). This disparity between arrival times of the different light rays is called dispersion. The consequence of this disparity is a muddied signal at the receiving end. In order to properly receive the signal, the signal must run at a slower rate and that is why multimode fiber’s bandwidth is limited.

Single mode fiber

Single mode fiber, on the other hand, only accepts one light ray, which is the first light ray that travels straight down the fiber core center. So there is no arrival time disparity between different fiber modes which makes a cleaner signal at the receiving end. This is the reason why single mode fiber can run signals at much higher speed resulting in its much higher bandwidth.

Single mode fiber does have some disadvantages though. The smaller fiber core diameter makes it much harder to couple light into the fiber. This increases the manufacturing cost of many single mode fiber optic components such as isolator, attenuator, etc. The tolerances for single mode connectors, mechanical splices are also much more demanding.

One important variety of single mode fiber is polarization maintaining fiber, or also called PM fiber. PM fiber carries only one polarization (the light’s electronic field direction) of the light. PM fiber’s major applications include coherent commu

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